Class : B.Com 3 year
Subject : Management Accounting
Teacher's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Types of Report for management
Types of reports
When preparing reports for management, the purpose, nature, and functionality of each report are considered. Report creation is determined by the wishes or desires of the organization's management, but some generally accepted types of reports are as follows:
Types of reports
based on nature
based on objectives
based on facts
based on activity
A detailed description of all these types of reports can be given as follows:
- (a) Reports on the basis of nature
The following reports come under this:
1. Enterprise Report - These reports provide information regarding business operations to outsiders. These reports are analyzed to draw concrete conclusions about the business. These reports include balance sheets, profit and loss accounts, management reports, presidential speeches, audit reports, and income tax returns.
2. Controlling Reports - These reports are extremely important. Within these reports, several responsibility centers are designated, and separate reports are prepared for each center. These reports can be weekly, monthly, quarterly, or even annual.
3. Investigative Reports - These reports are not general in nature, but are prepared for specific circumstances. When researching a specific business situation or problem, such reports are prepared; they contain a detailed investigation of the causes of the problem and highlight solutions.
(b) Reports on the basis of objects
There are following types of reports based on the purpose:
(1) Internal reports - Internal reports relate to the internal management and control of a business and are presented to achieve this purpose. They are of the following types:
1. General Reports - General reports relate to the daily activities of a business and are prepared for a specific period. These reports relate to the business's production volume, production costs, budget, profit and loss, business status, unit cost, etc. The following reports can be included within this category:
Production Operation Report, Cost Report, Departmental Operation Report, Production Budget, Sales Budget, Cash Budget, Report Showing Business Status, Cash Flow Statement, Fund Flow Statement and Reports Related to Research and Extension.
2. Special Reports - These reports are not related to the daily operations of the business, but rather to a specific business policy or problem. Such reports are primarily used by high-level managers. The following steps are necessary for this report:
(a) Defining the problem.
(b) What costs and revenues will be affected by the proposal in the question?
(c) Estimation of costs and related revenues.
(d) Comparison of cost and related income etc.
3. Level reports - This includes reports submitted to various levels of management, such as reports to higher management, reports to middle management, and reports to lower management.
Class : B.Com 2 year
Subject : Business statistics
Teacher's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Graphical Representation
Graphical Representation is a way of analysing numerical data. It exhibits the relation between data, ideas, information and concepts in a diagram. It is easy to understand and it is one of the most important learning strategies. It always depends on the type of information in a particular domain. There are different types of graphical representation. Some of them are as follows:
• Line Graphs – Line graph or the linear graph is used to display the continuous data and it is useful for predicting future events over time.
• Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category of data and it compares the data using solid bars to represent the quantities.
• Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical data that are organised into intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and continuous, all the bars have the same width.
• Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given number line. ' x ' is placed above a number line each time when that data occurs again.
• Frequency Table – The table shows the number of pieces of data that falls within the given interval.
• Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the relationships of the parts of the whole. The circle is considered with 100% and the categories occupied is represented with that specific percentage like 15%, 56%, etc.
• Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are organised from least value to the greatest value. The digits of the least place values from the leaves and the next place value digit forms the stems.
• Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarises the data by dividing into four parts. Box and whisker show the range (spread) and the middle ( median) of the data.
Class : B.Com 1 year (CA)
Subject : Business Mathematics
Teacher's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Compound interest
Find out the compound interest of 2 years on rs.100000 at 8% per annum, when the interest is payable quarterly."
Given:
• Principal (P) = ₹1,00,000
• Rate of interest = 8% per annum
• Compounding = Quarterly
• Time = 2 years
CI=1,17,166−1,00,000
=₹17,166
Compound Interest = ₹17,166
Class : B.Com 1 year (CA)
Subject : fincnicial accounting
Teacher's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Investment Account – Meaning & Importance
Meaning of Investment Account
An Investment Account is an account prepared to record transactions related to the purchase, sale, income, and valuation of investments such as shares, debentures, bonds, government securities, etc.
It shows the cost of investments, income earned (interest/dividend), and profit or loss on sale of investments.
In accounting, investments are made to earn regular income and increase wealth over time.
Importance of Investment Account
• Proper Record of Investments
It helps in maintaining a systematic record of all investment-related transactions.
• Determination of Income
Shows income earned from investments like interest on debentures and dividend on shares.
• Calculation of Profit or Loss
Helps in finding profit or loss on the sale of investments.
• Financial Position Assessment
Investments are shown in the Balance Sheet, helping to know the financial strength of the business.
• Better Financial Planning
Assists management in planning future investments and managing surplus funds effectively.
• Control and Safety of Funds
Ensures proper control over investment funds and avoids misuse.
• Decision Making
Helps management decide whether to hold, sell, or purchase investments.
• Legal and Accounting Compliance
Ensures investments are recorded according to accounting principles and legal requirements.
Subject : Management Accounting
Teacher's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Types of Report for management
Types of reports
When preparing reports for management, the purpose, nature, and functionality of each report are considered. Report creation is determined by the wishes or desires of the organization's management, but some generally accepted types of reports are as follows:
Types of reports
based on nature
based on objectives
based on facts
based on activity
A detailed description of all these types of reports can be given as follows:
- (a) Reports on the basis of nature
The following reports come under this:
1. Enterprise Report - These reports provide information regarding business operations to outsiders. These reports are analyzed to draw concrete conclusions about the business. These reports include balance sheets, profit and loss accounts, management reports, presidential speeches, audit reports, and income tax returns.
2. Controlling Reports - These reports are extremely important. Within these reports, several responsibility centers are designated, and separate reports are prepared for each center. These reports can be weekly, monthly, quarterly, or even annual.
3. Investigative Reports - These reports are not general in nature, but are prepared for specific circumstances. When researching a specific business situation or problem, such reports are prepared; they contain a detailed investigation of the causes of the problem and highlight solutions.
(b) Reports on the basis of objects
There are following types of reports based on the purpose:
(1) Internal reports - Internal reports relate to the internal management and control of a business and are presented to achieve this purpose. They are of the following types:
1. General Reports - General reports relate to the daily activities of a business and are prepared for a specific period. These reports relate to the business's production volume, production costs, budget, profit and loss, business status, unit cost, etc. The following reports can be included within this category:
Production Operation Report, Cost Report, Departmental Operation Report, Production Budget, Sales Budget, Cash Budget, Report Showing Business Status, Cash Flow Statement, Fund Flow Statement and Reports Related to Research and Extension.
2. Special Reports - These reports are not related to the daily operations of the business, but rather to a specific business policy or problem. Such reports are primarily used by high-level managers. The following steps are necessary for this report:
(a) Defining the problem.
(b) What costs and revenues will be affected by the proposal in the question?
(c) Estimation of costs and related revenues.
(d) Comparison of cost and related income etc.
3. Level reports - This includes reports submitted to various levels of management, such as reports to higher management, reports to middle management, and reports to lower management.
Class : B.Com 2 year
Subject : Business statistics
Teacher's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Graphical Representation
Graphical Representation is a way of analysing numerical data. It exhibits the relation between data, ideas, information and concepts in a diagram. It is easy to understand and it is one of the most important learning strategies. It always depends on the type of information in a particular domain. There are different types of graphical representation. Some of them are as follows:
• Line Graphs – Line graph or the linear graph is used to display the continuous data and it is useful for predicting future events over time.
• Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category of data and it compares the data using solid bars to represent the quantities.
• Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical data that are organised into intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and continuous, all the bars have the same width.
• Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given number line. ' x ' is placed above a number line each time when that data occurs again.
• Frequency Table – The table shows the number of pieces of data that falls within the given interval.
• Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the relationships of the parts of the whole. The circle is considered with 100% and the categories occupied is represented with that specific percentage like 15%, 56%, etc.
• Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are organised from least value to the greatest value. The digits of the least place values from the leaves and the next place value digit forms the stems.
• Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarises the data by dividing into four parts. Box and whisker show the range (spread) and the middle ( median) of the data.
Class : B.Com 1 year (CA)
Subject : Business Mathematics
Teacher's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Compound interest
Find out the compound interest of 2 years on rs.100000 at 8% per annum, when the interest is payable quarterly."
Given:
• Principal (P) = ₹1,00,000
• Rate of interest = 8% per annum
• Compounding = Quarterly
• Time = 2 years
CI=1,17,166−1,00,000
=₹17,166
Compound Interest = ₹17,166
Class : B.Com 1 year (CA)
Subject : fincnicial accounting
Teacher's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Investment Account – Meaning & Importance
Meaning of Investment Account
An Investment Account is an account prepared to record transactions related to the purchase, sale, income, and valuation of investments such as shares, debentures, bonds, government securities, etc.
It shows the cost of investments, income earned (interest/dividend), and profit or loss on sale of investments.
In accounting, investments are made to earn regular income and increase wealth over time.
Importance of Investment Account
• Proper Record of Investments
It helps in maintaining a systematic record of all investment-related transactions.
• Determination of Income
Shows income earned from investments like interest on debentures and dividend on shares.
• Calculation of Profit or Loss
Helps in finding profit or loss on the sale of investments.
• Financial Position Assessment
Investments are shown in the Balance Sheet, helping to know the financial strength of the business.
• Better Financial Planning
Assists management in planning future investments and managing surplus funds effectively.
• Control and Safety of Funds
Ensures proper control over investment funds and avoids misuse.
• Decision Making
Helps management decide whether to hold, sell, or purchase investments.
• Legal and Accounting Compliance
Ensures investments are recorded according to accounting principles and legal requirements.
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