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Class - BBA ll nd yr.
Subject - Business Law
Subject type - Minor ll
By AP N Jaiswal

Key words for the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) include RBI, Authorised Person, Current Account, Capital Account, FDI/ODI, and Enforcement Directorate (ED), focusing on regulating cross-border financial flows, promoting trade, and facilitating the foreign exchange market in India


·  RBI (Reserve Bank of India):

·  Authorised Person

·  Foreign Exchange/Security

·  Current Account Transaction

·  Capital Account Transaction

·  FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) & ODI (Overseas Direct Investment)


Class - BBA ll nd yr.
Subject - Business Law
Subject type - Minor ll
By AP N Jaiswal


National consumer duties involve
being aware and informed, thinking independently, demanding quality and proper documentation (like bills), using products correctly, speaking out against issues, complaining fairly, being ethical (avoiding fraud, black marketing), and supporting responsible businesses and sustainable consumption, all to exercise rights effectively under consumer protection laws.

Key Consumer Duties (Responsibilities)

* Be aware & Informed
* Think Independently
* Qualty conscious
* Follow instruction
* Speak out & complain
* Be Ethical
* Join group

offenses and penalties
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (CPA 2019) penalizes offenses like false advertising, selling adulterated/spurious goods, and non-compliance with Central Authority (CCPA) orders, with penalties ranging from fines (up to ₹50 Lakhs) and imprisonment (up to life) for severe cases, especially involving harm or death, holding manufacturers, endorsers, and distributors accountable for violations

Key Offences & Penalties
1. False/Misleading Advertisements (Section 89)
  • First Offence
  • Subsequent Offence
2. Adulterated Products (Section 90)
  • No Injury
  • Injury (not grievous)
  • Grievous Hurt
  • Death
3. Spurious Goods (Section 91)

4. Non-Compliance with CCPA Directions (Section 88)

5. Non-Compliance with Consumer Forum Orders 

6. Frivolous Complaints
  • Complainant filing bogus complaints
Class : B.com 1 year( CA)
Subject : Business Mathematics minor 1
Faculty's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Compound interest 

A sum of money amounts to Rs.24310 in 2 years at 1o% p.a. if interest payable half yearly. Find the sum.
Given:
• Amount (A) = ₹ 24310
• Rate of interest (r) = 10 /2= 5% I =5/100=.05
• Time (n) = 2 years ×2 = 4 times

Formula:

P = AL [log A - n x log (1 + i)]

P = AL [log 24310 – 4 x log 1.05]

= AL [4.3858-4 × 0.0212]

= AL [4.3858-.0848]

= AL 4.301

P = 20000. रुपये


On 7 Jan 2026 1:27 pm, asmita jain <asmi.jain1@yahoo.com> wrote:
Class : B.com 1 year( CA)
Subject : Business Mathematics
Faculty's name: Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : Compound interest

sum of money amounts to Rs.14680 in 3 years @5.5 % p.a. compound interest
Given:
• Amount (A) = ₹14,680
• Rate of interest (r) = 5.5% p.a. = 0.055
• Time (n) = 3 years
• Interest = Compound Interest (compounded annually)
Formula:
Principal = AL [ log Amount - n (log 1 + i)]
P = Al [log 14680 - 3 (log 1.055)
P= Al [4.1668 - 3 × 0.0212]
P= Al 3.1761
P= 1500

Videoconferencing and Teleconferencing:

This mode of communication begins in teleconferencing. A number of telephones are simultaneously connected to one another. Teleconferencing is a facility enabling people in different parts of the world to have an audio meeting (as opposed to dialogue), saving on transit time and hotel stay. It helps in thrashing out a variety of opinions on a subject to reach a faster conclusion.

A further advance in this technology is computer teleconferencing. The participants can react to the messages and inputs for the others' knowledge. They may not even be present simultaneously for the computer teleconference but add their contribution at their convenience.

Videoconferencing, however, is the closest it gets to seeing and hearing one another without being present together. The technologies used in a videoconference are: monitor screen, camera, microphone, codec (compressor-decompress or), equipment control pad at each location, and internet connectivity. With the passage of time, this is becoming more popular and easier to use. You often see it in TV interviews.

You often see it in TV interviews. For a videoconference, the participants get into a special room at their respective locations, equipped with the gadgetry. They can see, hear, speak to others and show exhibits without physical presence together.

The entire proceedings can be recorded on video tapes. As someone has jocularly put it, except for the snacks and coffee, everything else is transmissible in a videoconference. At present, the privilege of the richer business houses, videoconferences are set to gain wider popularity.

Video classrooms are another possibility in this field, where an expert faculty member may teach a number of classes in a number of towns simultaneously and answer the participants' queries.

Videoconferencing, however, is the closest it gets to seeing and hearing one another without being present together. The technologies used in a videoconference are: monitor screen, camera, microphone, codec (compressor-decompress or), equipment control pad at each location, and internet connectivity. With the passage of time, this is becoming more popular and easier to use. You often see it in TV interviews.

You often see it in TV interviews. For a videoconference, the participants get into a special room at their respective locations, equipped with the gadgetry. They can see, hear, speak to others and show exhibits without physical presence together.

Advantages of video conferencing:

1. No time constraint: Video conferencing can be conducted at any time of the day.
Time differences between countries do not matter when people use this method of communication because they do not actually need to travel to attend meetings.

2. Dramatic travel saving: Not only is video conferencing a direct replacement for many in-person business trip, but also there is virtually no cost for people to be involved in a virtual meeting, you can easily bring the right them together.

3. Easy communication: People can use video conferencing to communicate with anyone with HD video and other collaboration tools such as whiteboard, text exchange, file sharing, media sharing, screen sharing, remote control, electronic voting, conference recording etc.

4. Increased productivity: By eliminating time and district barriers, meetings can be hold anytime, anywhere with anyone. In this way, meetings are shorter and more effective. And also with the rich collaboration tools, decisions can be made faster.

Disadvantages of video conferencing:

1. Lack of personal interaction: Some meetings require a personal touch to be successful. Video conferencing can be less personal than meeting face to face, and it can be possible to miss out on vital body language when you're struggling with a pixilated image or stuttering video.

2. Technical problems: The major disadvantages are the technical difficulties associated with smooth transmissions that could result from software, hardware or network failure. Remote connections are sometimes known to be hampered by environmental changes. On some occasions, the absence of technical support personnel creates difficulty for participants who are unfamiliar with the videoconferencing technological concepts.

3. International time zones: One of the very real disadvantages of using video conferencing is that if you communicate regularly with people in other countries you will be available at different times to them. Unfortunately without the skills of a time lord there's not really a practical way to overcome this.

4. High cost of setup: Setting up video conferencing in an office can be a bit expensive for small-sized companies. Simple features can fit into the budget, but if advanced features are required, and then a substantial amount of expenditure must be done. 
Class - B.com 1st "B" section
Subject- Cost Accounting major 2
Compiled by - Dr. Priyanka Malvi 


Unit 5th
Contract costing

1.Meaning 
2. Types of Contracts
3. Terminology used
4. Formate of contract costing 

What is a contact Account? What important point should be born in mind in its preparation?



(Contract Account)

Contractors engaged in the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and dams fall under the category of contractors. The method of cost accounting adopted by them is known as contract costing. The objective of preparing contract accounts is to ascertain the profit or loss incurred on completed or incomplete contracts during a specific period.

If a contract is completed within a short period, its cost and profit or loss are determined on completion. In the case of long-term contracts, the cost and profit or loss are ascertained at each stage of completion. Sub-contracts are generally small-scale works carried out at specific locations, whereas contracts are large-scale and executed at various locations. Every contract is undertaken for a fixed amount, known as the contract price. The party who awards the contract is called the contractee, and the person who executes the contract is called the contractor.

Method of Maintaining Contract Accounts
For maintaining proper records of various contracts, the contractor keeps a Contract Ledger, in which a separate account is opened for each contract. Each contract is allotted a serial number so that they can be distinguished from one another.

Contract Account
A contract account has two sides—Debit and Credit—and both sides contain columns for date, particulars, and amount.
On the debit side, the following items are recorded: materials, labour, plant and tools, and other direct expenses. Outstanding expenses are also shown on this side.
On the credit side, returned materials, returned plant, sale of materials and plant, materials and plant destroyed or stolen, and the value of materials and plant remaining at the site are recorded.

The various items included in a contract account are as follows:

Materials
A contractor may purchase materials directly or keep them in stores and issue them to contracts as required. When several contracts are running simultaneously, surplus materials from one contract may be transferred to another. All such materials are shown on the debit side of the contract account. Materials returned are recorded on the credit side. Any profit or loss on the sale of materials is transferred to the Profit and Loss Account. At the end of the year, the value of materials remaining is shown on the credit side.

Labour or Wages
All remuneration paid for work done on the contract is treated as direct labour and is recorded on the debit side of the contract account. Outstanding wages are also shown on the debit side.

Plant and Machinery
Plant or machinery purchased specifically for a particular contract is shown on the debit side of the contract account. If plant is returned, sold, or stolen, it is shown on the credit side. Any profit or loss on the sale of plant is transferred to the Profit and Loss Account. In the case of an incomplete contract, the depreciated value of plant at the end of the year is shown on the credit side.

Other Direct Expenses
Other direct expenses related to the contract are shown on the debit side of the contract account. Outstanding expenses are also recorded on the debit side.

Apportionment of Indirect Expenses
Certain expenses are not incurred for a specific contract but are common in nature. Such expenses are apportioned among contracts on a suitable percentage basis.

Sub-contract Cost
For specialized work, the contractor may assign the work to other contractors for a fixed price. The cost of work done by sub-contractors is treated as a direct expense of the contract and is shown on the debit side of the contract account.

Cost of Extra Work Done
Whenever additional work beyond the original contract is carried out at the request of the contractee, the expenditure incurred on such work is recorded on the debit side. Separate additional payment is received for this extra work.



ठेका खाता

(Contract Account)

भवन, सड़क, पुल एवं बाँध के निर्माता ठेकेदार की श्रेणी में आते हैं। इनके द्वारा लागत लेखांकन की जो पद्धति अपनायी जाती है, उसे ठेका लागत कहते हैं। ठेका लेखे तैयार करने का उद्देश्य पूर्ण या अपूर्ण ठेकों पर एक निश्चित अवधि में होने वाले लाभ एवं हानि को ज्ञात करना होता है। यदि ठेका कार्य अल्पकाल में पूर्ण होता है, तो उसके पूर्ण होने पर तथा दीर्घकाल में पूर्ण होने पर प्रत्येक अवस्था में उसकी लागत एवं लाभ-हानि को ज्ञात किया जाता है। उपकार्य प्रायः छोटे स्तर का कार्य होता है तथा विशिष्ट स्थानों पर सम्पन्न किया जाता है। ठेका बड़े पैमाने पर होता है तथा विभिन्न स्थानों पर किया जाता है। कोई भी ठेका एक निश्चित राशि के लिए लिया जाता है, जिसे 'ठेका मूल्य' कहते हैं। ठेका देने वाले को "ठेकादाता' (Contractee) एवं ठेका कार्य करने वाले व्यक्ति को ठेकेदार (Contractor) कहते हैं।

ठेका खाता को रखने की विधि

विभिन्न ठेकों का उचित लेखा रखने के लिए ठेकेदार एक ठेका खाता बही (Contract ledger) रखता है, जिसमें प्रत्येक ठेके के लिए पृथक् पृथक् खाता खोल दिया जाता है। प्रत्येक ठेके को क्रमिक संख्या प्रदान की जाती है, जिससे उनमें भिन्नता रखी जा सके।

ठेका खाता (Contract Account)

इसमें नामे क्जमा दो पक्ष होते हैं और दोनों तरफ दिनांक, विवरण एवं राशि के खाने होते हैं। नामे पक्ष (Debit side) की ओर सामग्री, श्रम, प्लान्ट व औजार एवं अन्य अप्रत्यक्ष व्यय
सम्मिलित किए जाते हैं। अदत्त व्ययों को भी इसी पक्ष में रखते हैं। जमा पक्ष में लौटाया गया माल, लौटाया गया प्लान्ट, सामग्री व प्लान्ट की बिक्री, नष्ट व चोरी हई सामग्री एवं प्लान्ट व शेष सामग्री व प्लान्ट को दिखाया जाता है। ठेके खाते में आने वाली विभिन्न मर्दे निम्न प्रकार से हैं-

1. सामग्री (Materials)- ठेकेदार सामग्री को प्रत्यक्ष रूप से क्रय कर सकता है या उसे संग्रहालय में रखकर आवश्यकता के समय ठेके पर निर्गमित कर सकता है। जब अनेक ठेके साथ-साथ चलते हैं तो एक ठेके पर बची हई सामग्री दूसरे ठेके पर भेज दी जाती है। यह समस्त सामग्री ठेके खाते में नामे पक्ष की ओर ही दिखायी जाती है। जो सामग्री वापस की जाती है, उसका लेखा ठेका खाते में जमा पक्ष की ओर करते हैं। सामग्री के बेचने पर लाभ-हानि को लाभ-हानि खाते में हस्तान्तरित कर देते हैं। वर्ष के अन्त में शेष सामग्री को जमा पक्ष की ओर दिखाते हैं।

2. श्रम या मजदूरी (Labour or Wages)- समस्त पारिश्रमिक जो ठेके का कार्य पर दिया जाता है, प्रत्यक्ष श्रम होता है और उसे ठेके खाते में नामे पक्ष की ओर ही लिखते हैं। अदत्त मजदूरी को भी नामे पक्ष की ओर दिखाते हैं।

3. प्लान्ट एवं मशीनरी (Plant and Machinery)- जो प्लान्ट या मशीनरी विशेष रूप से किसी ठेके के लिए ही क्रय की गई हो, उसे ठेके खाते में नामे पक्ष की ओर दिखाते हैं। यदि प्लान्ट वापिस किया गया हो या बेचा गया हो या चोरी हो गया हो तो उसे जमा पक्ष की ओर दिखाते हैं। प्लान्ट के बेचने से यदि लाभ या हानि हो तो उसे लाभ-हानि खाते में ले जाते हैं। अपूर्ण ठेके पर वर्ष के अन्त में प्लान्ट का हासित मूल्य ज्ञात करके ही उसे जमा पक्ष की ओर दिखाते हैं।

4. अन्य प्रत्यक्ष व्यय (Other Direct Expenses)- ठेके से सम्बन्धित अन्य प्रत्यक्ष व्ययों को ठेके खाते में नामे पक्ष की ओर ही दिखाते हैं। यदि व्यय अदत्त हों तो उसे भी नामे पक्ष की ओर ही दिखाते हैं।

5. अप्रत्यक्ष व्यय का अनुपात (Proportion of Indirect Expenses)- कुछ व्यय विशेष ठेके पर न होकर सामूहिक रूप से किये जाते हैं। इन व्ययों को किसी निश्चित प्रतिशत के आधार पर विभाजित किया जाता है।

6. उप-ठेकों की लागत (Sub-contract Cost)- ठेकेदार विशिष्ट कार्यों के लिए अन्य ठेकेदारों को एक निश्चित मूल्य दे देता है और उप-ठेकेदार द्वारा किए गए कार्यों की लागत को ठेके का प्रत्यक्ष व्यय माना जाता है। उप-ठेकों की लागत को ठेके के नामे पक्ष में दिखाते हैं।

7. अतिरिक्त कार्यों की लागत (Cost of Extra Work Done)- जब कभी ठेका देने वाला मूल ठेके के अतिरिक्त अन्य कार्य करता है, तो इस पर किए गए व्यय को नामे पक्ष में लिखते हैं। इस कार्य के लिए अतिरिक्त भुगतान करना होता है।

Class : B.Com 3 year
Subject : Management Accounting
Faculty's name : Dr. Asmita Jain
Topic : quality of a good report

A report-is prepared by putting in labour by the executives. The usefulness of the report will depend upon its quality and the way in which it has been communicated. A report should be prepared in a way it serves the purpose and presented at a time when it is needed. Good reporting is thus essential for effective communication. A good report should have the following requisites-

1. Simplicity : The report should be presented in a simple, unambiguous and clear language. The language should be non-technical. If the report is loaded with technical terminology, it will reduce its utility because the reader may be unfamiliar with that language. The reader should be able to understand the report without any difficulty. The report should also be readable. The figures should be rounded off so as to make them easily understandable. If possible, charts, diagrams or graphs should be used for presenting information.

2. Consistency: There should be a consistency in the preparation of reports. The comparability of reports will be possible only if they are consistent. For consistency, the reports should be prepared from the same type of information and statistical data. This will be possible if same accounting principles and concepts are used for collecting, classifying, tabulating and presenting of information. Consistency in reporting enhances their utility.

3. Good form and content: The following points be considered in preparing a report:

(a) The report must contain the date of its preparation and date of submission.

(b) The content of the report should be in a logical sequence.

(c) The report should be given a proper title, headings, sub-headings and paragraph divisions. The title will explain the purpose for which the report has been prepared, the title also enables to point out the persons who need the report. A production report may be titled as 'Production Report for the month of April 1992'. The title explains the purpose and period of preparing the report.

(d) The contents of a report must serve the purpose for which it has been prepared. Separate reports be prepared for different subjects. Various aspects of the subject should be properly conveyed.

(e) The reports should, contain facts and not opinions. The opinion may come, if essential, as a sequel to certain facts and not otherwise.

(f) If the report is prepared in response to a request or letter, then it should bear reference number of such request or letter.

(g) If statistical figures are to be given in the report then only significant figures and totals should be made a part of it and other detailed figures should be given in appendix.

4. Comparability: The reporting system is meant to help management in taking correct decision and improving the operational efficiency of the organisation. This objective will better be achieved if reports give comparative information.

एक रिपोर्ट अधिकारियों के परिश्रम से तैयार की जाती है। रिपोर्ट की उपयोगिता उसकी गुणवत्ता और उसे प्रस्तुत करने के तरीके पर निर्भर करती है। रिपोर्ट को इस प्रकार तैयार किया जाना चाहिए कि वह उद्देश्य की पूर्ति करे और उसे उस समय प्रस्तुत किया जाए जब उसकी आवश्यकता हो। इसलिए प्रभावी संचार के लिए अच्छी रिपोर्टिंग आवश्यक है। एक अच्छी रिपोर्ट में निम्नलिखित आवश्यक तत्व होने चाहिए-

1. सरलता: रिपोर्ट को सरल, स्पष्ट और सरल भाषा में प्रस्तुत किया जाना चाहिए। भाषा तकनीकी नहीं होनी चाहिए। यदि रिपोर्ट में तकनीकी शब्दावली का अत्यधिक उपयोग किया गया है, तो इससे इसकी उपयोगिता कम हो जाएगी क्योंकि पाठक उस भाषा से अपरिचित हो सकता है।रिपोर्ट को समझने में कोई कठिनाई नहीं होनी चाहिए। रिपोर्ट पठनीय होनी चाहिए। आंकड़ों को सरल भाषा में प्रस्तुत किया जाना चाहिए ताकि वे आसानी से समझ में आ सकें। संभव हो तो, जानकारी प्रस्तुत करने के लिए चार्ट, आरेख या ग्राफ का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

2. निरंतरता: तैयारी के तरीके में निरंतरता होनी चाहिए।

रिपोर्टों की तुलना तभी संभव है जब वे सुसंगत हों। सुसंगतता के लिए, रिपोर्टों को एक ही प्रकार की जानकारी और सांख्यिकीय आंकड़ों से तैयार किया जाना चाहिए। यह तभी संभव होगा जब जानकारी एकत्र करने, वर्गीकृत करने, सारणीबद्ध करने और प्रस्तुत करने के लिए समान लेखांकन सिद्धांतों और अवधारणाओं का उपयोग किया जाए। रिपोर्टिंग में सुसंगतता उनकी उपयोगिता को बढ़ाती है।

3. अच्छा स्वरूप और विषयवस्तु: रिपोर्ट तैयार करते समय निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं पर विचार किया जाना चाहिए:

(क) रिपोर्ट में इसकी तैयारी की तिथि और प्रस्तुत करने की तिथि अंकित होनी चाहिए।

(ख) रिपोर्ट की विषयवस्तु तार्किक क्रम में होनी चाहिए।

(ग) रिपोर्ट को उचित शीर्षक, शीर्ष-शीर्षक, उप-शीर्षक और अनुच्छेद विभाजन दिए जाने चाहिए। शीर्षक से रिपोर्ट तैयार करने का उद्देश्य स्पष्ट होता है और रिपोर्ट की आवश्यकता वाले व्यक्तियों की पहचान भी हो जाती है। उत्पादन रिपोर्ट का शीर्षक 'अप्रैल 1992 माह की उत्पादन रिपोर्ट' हो सकता है। शीर्षक से रिपोर्ट तैयार करने का उद्देश्य और अवधि स्पष्ट हो जाती है।

(घ) रिपोर्ट की विषयवस्तु उस उद्देश्य की पूर्ति करनी चाहिए जिसके लिए इसे तैयार किया गया है। विभिन्न विषयों के लिए अलग-अलग रिपोर्ट तैयार की जानी चाहिए। विषय के विभिन्न पहलुओं को उचित रूप से संप्रेषित किया जाना चाहिए।

(ई) रिपोर्टों में तथ्य होने चाहिए, राय नहीं। राय तभी दी जा सकती है, जब वह आवश्यक हो, कुछ तथ्यों के परिणाम स्वरूप, अन्यथा नहीं।

(f) यदि रिपोर्ट किसी अनुरोध या पत्र के उत्तर में तैयार की जाती है, तो उस पर ऐसे अनुरोध या पत्र का संदर्भ क्रमांक अंकित होना चाहिए।

(g) यदि रिपोर्ट में सांख्यिकीय आंकड़े दिए जाने हैं तो केवल महत्वपूर्ण आंकड़े और योगफल ही इसका हिस्सा बनाए जाने चाहिए और अन्य विस्तृत आंकड़े परिशिष्ट में दिए जाने चाहिए।

4. तुलनीयता: रिपोर्टिंग प्रणाली का उद्देश्य सहायता प्रदान करना है।

प्रबंधन को सही निर्णय लेने और संगठन की परिचालन दक्षता में सुधार करने में सहायता मिलती है। तुलनात्मक जानकारी देने वाली रिपोर्टों से इस उद्देश्य को बेहतर ढंग से प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।

तुलनात्मक जानकारी पिछले अवधियों, वर्तमान मानकों या बजट से संबंधित हो सकती है। यह जानकारी विचलन या भिन्नता का पता लगाने में सहायक होती है।
Class - BBA ll nd yr.
Subject - Business Law
Subject type - Minor ll
By AP N Jaiswal

THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 2019
NO. 35 OF 2019
[9th August, 2019.]
An Act to provide for protection of the interests of consumers and for the said
purpose, to establish authorities for timely and effective administration and
settlement of consumers' disputes and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto.

Key Provisions
* Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
* E-Commerce & Direct Selling
* Product Liability
* Unfair Contracts & Practices
* Mediation & ADR
* E-Filing
* Consumer Rights
* Consumer Protection Councils